Mmpi-2 answer sheet download
A significant percentage of individuals undergoing psychological evaluation may feign psychopathological symptoms especially when the context is perceived as challenging, such as in the forensic ( Rogers, Sewell & Goldstein, 1994) and clinical ( Noeker & Petermann, 2011) settings. The detection of malingering is an important topic in psychology (for a comprehensive review, see Seron, 2014) raising practical and ethical issues ( Bass & Halligan, 2014). These methodological constraints must be kept in mind during detection of malingering in criminal defendants reporting psychiatric symptoms. However, some specificity issues emerged suggesting that further research and a good forensic practice should keep into account multiple measures of malingering, including psychometric data, clinical and social history and current clinical situation. Results support the sensitivity of SIMS for the detection of malingering in forensic populations. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves analysis confirmed the better sensitivity of SIMS with respect to the other tests but raised some issues on SIMS specificity. Results showed that while MMPI-2, SIMS and NIM were all effective in discriminating malingerers in the SD, SIMS only significantly discriminated between KGC_Controls and KGC_SM in the Known-Group Comparison. All participants were then submitted to MMPI-2, NIM and SIMS. They were randomly assigned to either group: Controls (requested to answer honestly, SD_Controls) and simulated malingerers (requested to feign a psychiatric disease, SD_SM). Participants to SD protocol had no history of psychiatric disease and scored below the SCL-90-R cutoff. They were considered as genuine patients (KGC_Controls) if they had some psychiatric disorders already before imprisonment and scored above the cutoff of SCL-90-R, a commonly used test for mental illness, and as suspected malingerers (KGC_SM) if they were diagnosed as psychiatric patients only after imprisonment and scored below the SCL-90-R cutoff. Participants to the KGC protocol were all characterized by a positive psychiatric history. Here we assessed the effectiveness in criminal defendants of three well-known malingering-detecting tests (MMPI-2, SIMS and NIM) by using both Known-Group Comparison (KGC) and Simulation Design (SD) protocols. However, the real scenarios (clinical or forensic) are often very challenging because of the presence of genuine patients, so that tests accuracy frequently differs from that one obtained in well-controlled experimental settings. These instruments are often validated by Simulation Design (SD) protocols, where normal participants are explicitly requested to either simulate a mental disorder or respond honestly. Several psychometric tests have been proposed to detect malingering. PeerJ 6: e5259 Ĭriminal defendants may often exaggerate psychiatric symptoms either to appear non-accountable for their actions or to mitigate their imprisonment.
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Detecting malingering mental illness in forensics: Known-Group Comparison and Simulation Design with MMPI-2, SIMS and NIM. Cite this article De Marchi B, Balboni G. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited. 2 Department of Philosophy, Social and Human Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy DOI 10.7717/peerj.5259 Published Accepted Received Academic Editor Anna Borghi Subject Areas Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, Legal Issues Keywords Malingering, Forensics, Psychometric tests, Psychopathology Copyright © 2018 De Marchi and Balboni Licence This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed.